IEEE 1547-2018
Interconnection and interoperability of distributed energy resources. Voltage reactive power, frequency-watt, volt-var response, trip settings, anti-islanding. UL 1741 SA certification requirements for grid interconnection.
IEC 62933-2-1
Battery energy storage system (BESS) — sizing methodology, performance characterization, round-trip efficiency, capacity rating, discharge duration at rated power. Grid-side and customer-side installation.
NFPA 855
Standard for installation of stationary energy storage systems. Separation distances, fire suppression, explosion control, clear access requirements, thermal runaway management, commissioning verification.
UL 9540A
Test method for evaluating thermal runaway propagation in BESS. Cell-level, module-level, unit-level, and installation-level testing requirements. Gap analysis for NFPA 855 separation distances.
IEC 61850-3
Communication networks in power utility automation — BESS plant controller communication, plant-level controller to grid-tie inverter protocol (Modbus TCP / IEC 61850 MMS), alarm and status mapping.
FERC Order 841
Electric storage participation in wholesale markets. State-of-charge management, market participation models (energy arbitrage, frequency regulation, capacity), interconnection queue position documentation.